Biology

The objective of the paper is to select and discuss a particular disease related to genetics stated by Pauline C. Ng and colleagues who were in the course of differentiating the conclusions made by two firms who provided diagnosis for genetic disorders. Disease selected for the study is Breast Cancer and focuses on how common is it among different populations.

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23andMe and Navigenics are considered by Pauline to analyze how similar they are on the matter of disease risk in five individuals under diagnosis. In the case of breast cancer, both the firms have proposed same results.

Breast Cancer is a common disease nowadays with scientific claim proving the inheritance of the disease. Established domains of research and investigation on the topic have lead to various conclusions on the matter. Surveys have revealed a huge figure of this deadly disease resulting in increased death rates among women.

Genetic background of breast cancers comes with various special traits that cause cancers. Researches with the support of microarrays identified that virtually all human breast cancer cell lines were derived from metastases. The unappreciable presence of heredity oncogenes has been kept as an identification of the risk for breast cancer. The disease risk is calculated by a method represented by the image shown below.

Group recognized to be prone to breast cancer is females while certain investigations clearly explained the possibilities of it in males as well. In 1999 approximately 1300 American men were diagnosed with the disease and approximately 400 died from it. Breast cancer follows a similar course in men and in women. This actually creates considerable shift from the usual norms and beliefs regarding breast cancers. The disease probability has been seen based on various racial and cultural divisions as well, proved with the help of various societal groups from America.

Breast Cancers are often considered as a result of different mutations. The confirmation of mutations induced by alcoholism is been recognized by many researches. Institute of oncology in Europe put forward evidence of an increased risk of breast cancer with moderate consumption of alcohol. Carcinogens leading to breast cancer are transmitted through families as per the analytical submissions of different medical concerns but involvement of alcohol in any level in genetic disorders is established.

Mutations causing breast cancers gain influence from environmental traits as well, many of the investigations reports convey. BRCA1 is often getting mutations to result in nearly half of inherited breast cancer cases while BRCA2 mutations are responsible for some inherited breast cancer in women, BRCA2 is also linked with male breast cancer. (Cancer causing genes In the limelight The genes of cancer, 2010, para.16). Latest studies have proved that higher levels of breast cancer are seen due to ancestral history of other inherited disorders, such as ataxia telangiectasia  and Li-Fraumeni syndrome giving an inevitable link between various genetic disorders.